The Role of Persian and Afghan Invasions in the Decline of the Mughal Empire

Contrary to popular belief, the decline of the Mughal Empire was the primary reason for the Persian and Afghan invasions in the 18th century. This article explores the factors contributing to the collapse of the Mughal Empire and how external invasions accelerated its decline.

The Decline of the Mughal Empire: A Timeline of Events

The decline of the Mughal Empire began much earlier than the invasion by Nader Shah. Even during the reign of Shah Jahan, early signs of decline could be seen. However, the actual decline was more evident during the later reign of Aurangzeb. The death of Bahadur Shah I in 1712 marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire's collapse, as this vast and powerful empire crumbled within a few decades.

Key Factors Leading to the Decline of Mughal Central Authority

Infighting Within the Mughal Dynasty

One of the most significant factors contributing to the collapse of the Mughal central authority was infighting within the Mughal ranks. Following the death of Bahadur Shah I, the empire experienced five Mughal emperors in just seven years. The wars of succession that ensued greatly weakened the Mughal dynasty and strengthened the nobility. These internal conflicts also allowed Mughal rivals to gain considerable power.

The Incompetence of Muhammad Shah Rangeela

Muhammad Shah Rangeela, who succeeded the throne after the wars of succession, was ultimately responsible for the irreversible decline of the Mughal Empire. Ruling for about thirty years, his incompetence led to a continuous decline. By the end of his reign, there was no real chance of recovery. The inability of the Mughal military and administration to effectively counter the Maratha expansion is a testament to this period of decline.

Maratha Empire's Rise and Expansion

The Maratha Empire played a crucial role in the decline of the Mughal Empire. They began pushing back the Mughals and expanding their territory, effectively hindering the Mughals' counter-efforts. The Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao's campaigns in the present-day Maharashtra state clearly indicated the weakening of Mughal authority.

Nader Shah's Invasion and Its Impact

The invasion by Nader Shah was a direct result of the Mughal Empire's vulnerability. Recognizing the internal weaknesses, Nader Shah invaded with relative ease. His victory at the Battle of Karnal in February 1739 further weakened the Mughal forces. The plunder and massacre in Delhi, the capital of the Mughal Empire, marked the final blow to Mughal authority. This event made it apparent that the Mughal Empire was in a state of complete collapse.

The Legacy of Persian and Afghan Invasions

The Persian and Afghan invasions that followed Nader Shah's initial success significantly contributed to the decline. The western regions of the Mughal Empire were captured by the Durrani Empire, while the southern and central regions came under Maratha influence. From the east, the British East India Company (EIC) began expanding their influence. These external invasions pushed the Mughal Empire past the point of recovery, ultimately leading to its dissolution.