The Evolution and Naming of Bangkok: An Intriguing Historical Journey
The name of Bangkok, Thailand's bustling capital, is as fascinating as it is complex. The evolution of this name reflects the city's rich history and strategic development within the Ayutthaya Empire and beyond. This article delves into the origins and various names of Bangkok, piecing together the intricate narrative of its etymology.
Historical Context and Early Naming
The city of Bangkok has a long and storied past, dating back to the early 15th century when it fell under the rule of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. As a town located near the mouth of the Chao Phraya River, it gradually rose in importance due to its strategic location. The local name for the city, known as krung thep maha nakhon, translates to 'City of Angels' in Thai, reflecting its significance and the religious importance in the region.
Origin of the Name 'Bangkok'
While krung thep maha nakhon is the official name used in formal and ceremonial contexts, Bangkok is more commonly known by its colloquial name. The name itself is believed to have originated from the term 'bang ko,' meaning 'island village' in Thai. This term is fitting, as the 'Bangkok island' was carved out from the Chao Phraya River with the excavation of a canal in the reign of King Chairacha, either in 1538 or 1542. This canal, known as Khlong Lat, provided a shortcut to bypass the meandering section of the river.
Multiple Theories About the Name
There are several theories surrounding the origin of the name 'Bangkok.' One theory suggests that the name is a shortened form of 'Bang Makok,' named after the Spondias pinnata plant, also known as the 'Makok' fruit, which is indigenous to the Americas and was introduced to Siam by Portuguese traders in the 16th century. This theory is supported by the fact that the historic Wat Arun temple in the area was formerly named Wat Makok.
Another theory, rooted in the Khmer Empire, proposes that Bangkok took its name from the Khmer language, meaning 'lake village' with 'bang' meaning 'lake' and 'kok' meaning 'tree.' This suggests that Bangkok was likely built from a lake with Kok trees growing around it. Such cultural exchange is not uncommon in the history of Southeast Asia, highlighting the influence of the Khmer Empire on the region.
Transition to the Thai Name 'Krung Thep Maha Nakhon'
With the fall of Ayutthaya, King Taksin established his new capital, Thonburi, on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. However, it was King Phutthayotfa Chulalok, the founder of the Chakri dynasty, who moved the capital to the eastern bank in 1782, officially founding Bangkok as we know it today. The official and ceremonial name of the city, krung thep maha nakhon, was established in this period.
The City's Colloquial Name
Despite the official name, Bangkok is still widely known by its colloquial name, which refers to the small village that preceded the modern metropolis. This colloquial name retains a connection to the city's early history, embodying the transition from a minor town to a thriving metropolis.
Cultural and Historical Significance
The name 'Bangkok' encapsulates the city's journey from a small village to a cultural and economic powerhouse. It reflects the influences and changes that have shaped Bangkok over the centuries. From the contributions of the Khmer Empire to the strategic developments under the Ayutthaya and Chakri dynasties, the name and history of Bangkok tell a story of resilience and evolution.
Beyond its name, Bangkok's history is a testament to its resilience and adaptability, making it a fascinating city for lovers of history and architecture. Exploring the origins of Bangkok's name provides a captivating glimpse into the rich and diverse past of this vibrant city.