The Differences between Traditional Advaita Vedanta and Neo-Advaita

Advaita, which simply means Non-Dualism, is a philosophy that posits the existence of one absolute, cosmic consciousness underpinning all existence. This ultimate reality is often referred to as the 'Brahman' or the 'Atman,' which is the true Self of every individual. Although this philosophy might seem paradoxical to those with more dualistic views, it is entirely compatible with various forms of dualistic practices and even encourages them within the realm of relative reality.

The Foundation of Advaita: Traditional Teachings

Traditional Advaita Vedanta, as articulated by scholar and philosopher Adi Shankara, emphasizes the unity of all existence, which can be realized through the understanding that one's true nature is the same as the ultimate reality. This understanding often leads practitioners to adopt dualistic practices and worship as a means to integrate with the ultimate reality. However, these dualistic practices are seen as temporary and necessary steps towards the realization of non-duality.

Saivam and Kashmiri Shaivism

It is important to note that there are other non-dual schools within the broader Vedic tradition. For example, Saivam or Shiv Shakti Tantra, popularly known as Kashmiri Shaivism, is an ancient form of non-dual philosophy. This tradition emphasizes the unity of the individual self (Atman) with the ultimate reality through the practice of 'upayas,' or spiritual means, which include various forms of worship and meditation.

Neo-Advaita Critique

Some modern interpretations of Advaita, often referred to as Neo-Advaita, propose that non-dualism can be achieved instantly or without the need for traditional practices. This has been a point of contention within the Vedic community. Critics, such as Rami Sivan, argue that these neo-Advaita philosophies are not truly rooted in the traditional teachings of Adi Shankara and overlook the importance of spiritual practices.

The Vedic Dharma and Its Interpretations

The traditional Vedas and Upanishads present a nuanced worldview that is both non-dual and polytheistic, with a form of monotheism emerging in certain contexts. The interpretation of Vedas varies greatly depending on the school of thought, but the core principles of non-dualism and multiple deities coexist within the Vedic tradition. Those who practice 'ishthadevata upasana' (worship of personal deities) may transition to a more monistic approach in certain stages of their spiritual journey.

The Issue of Sannyasa and Social Inequality

Rami Sivan also raises an issue regarding the traditional practice of Sannyasa, which is a stage of life in the Vedic ashram system. The practice of Sannyasa, or renunciation, is often reserved for Brahmins, and women are traditionally excluded. This has been a topic of criticism, with Sivan arguing that Sannyasa should be available to all human beings, irrespective of gender or social status. He questions the modern interpretation and argues that this restriction is a modern distortion.

The notion that Sannyasa should be open to all highlights an ongoing debate within the Vedic community about the evolving nature of traditional practices. Adi Shankara and other ancient masters worked within the social and cultural contexts of their time, but their teachings can be seen as flexible and adaptable to different circumstances.

In conclusion, the differences between Traditional Advaita Vedanta and Neo-Advaita lie in their approach to spiritual practice, the integration of relative reality, and the interpretation of traditional texts. The traditional teachings emphasize the importance of gradual realization through practice, while Neo-Advaita proposes an immediate awakening. The issue of Sannyasa further underscores the need for continuous re-evaluation of ancient practices in light of societal changes.